Peb siv cov ncuav qab zib los txhim kho koj qhov kev paub.Los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv mus saib lub vev xaib no, koj pom zoo rau peb siv cov ncuav qab zib.Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv.
Additive manufacturing (AM) suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom peb sab, ib txheej nyias nyias ntawm ib lub sijhawm, ua rau nws kim dua li kev siv tshuab.Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov hmoov tso rau hauv cov txheej txheem sib dhos yog soldered rau hauv cov khoom.Tus so tsis yaj, yog li nws tuaj yeem rov siv dua.Nyob rau hauv sib piv, yog hais tias tus kwv yog tsim classical, cov khoom tshem tawm los ntawm milling thiab machining yog feem ntau yuav tsum tau.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hmoov txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas ntawm lub tshuab thiab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej.Tus nqi ntawm AM yuav tsis muaj kev lag luam vim tias cov hmoov tsis muaj hmoov tsis muaj paug thiab tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua.Kev puas tsuaj rau cov hmoov ua rau muaj ob qhov tshwm sim: kev hloov kho tshuaj ntawm cov khoom thiab kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom siv xws li morphology thiab particle loj faib.
Hauv thawj kis, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los tsim cov khoom siv uas muaj cov hlau tsis huv, yog li peb yuav tsum zam kom tsis txhob muaj cov hmoov av, piv txwv li, nrog oxides lossis nitrides.Hauv qhov kawg, cov kev ntsuas no cuam tshuam nrog fluidity thiab kis tau.Yog li ntawd, txhua yam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hmoov tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom.
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias classical flowmeters tsis tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus ntawm cov hmoov flowability hauv kev tsim cov hmoov txaj additives.Hais txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw (lossis hmoov), muaj ntau txoj kev ntsuas tsim nyog ntawm kev ua lag luam uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.Lub xeev kev ntxhov siab thiab cov hmoov ndlwg yuav tsum yog tib yam hauv qhov ntsuas ntawm tes thiab hauv cov txheej txheem.Lub xub ntiag ntawm compressive loads yog incompatible nrog dawb nto ntws siv nyob rau hauv AM li nyob rau hauv shear cell testers thiab classical rheometers.
GranuTools tau tsim cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm rau hmoov cov yam ntxwv hauv kev tsim khoom ntxiv.Peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom muaj ib lub cuab yeej rau ib lub geometry rau kev ua qauv zoo, thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm no tau siv los nkag siab thiab taug qab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hmoov zoo tshaj ntau daim ntawv luam tawm.Ob peb tus qauv txhuas alloys (AlSi10Mg) raug xaiv rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thermal loads (ntawm 100 txog 200 ° C).
Thermal degradation tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lub peev xwm ntawm cov hmoov los khaws cov nqi.Cov hmoov tau raug tshuaj xyuas kom muaj peev xwm ntws tau (GranuDrum ntsuas), packing kinetics (GranuPack instrument) thiab electrostatic cwj pwm (GranuCharge instrument).Cohesion thiab packing kinetics ntsuas yog muaj rau cov hmoov hauv qab no.
Cov hmoov uas kis tau yooj yim yuav muaj kev sib koom ua ke qis, thaum cov hmoov uas muaj cov khoom ntim nrawm nrawm yuav tsim cov khoom siv nrog cov porosity tsawg dua piv rau cov khoom uas nyuaj rau sau.
Peb cov hmoov txhuas txhuas (AlSi10Mg) khaws cia hauv peb lub chaw kuaj mob rau ob peb lub hlis, nrog rau qhov sib txawv particle loj faib, thiab ib qho 316L stainless hlau qauv, xa mus rau ntawm no raws li cov qauv A, B thiab C, raug xaiv.Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv yuav txawv ntawm lwm tus.manufacturers.TS EN ISO 13320 Cov qauv particle loj faib tau ntsuas los ntawm laser diffraction tsom xam / ISO 13320.
Txij li thaum lawv tswj hwm qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tshuab, cov khoom ntawm cov hmoov yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej, thiab yog tias peb xav txog cov hmoov nplej uas tsis muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv yuav tsis pheej yig li peb xav tau.Yog li, peb qhov kev ntsuas yuav raug tshawb xyuas: hmoov ntws, ntim cov kinetics thiab electrostatics.
Spreadability muaj feem xyuam rau lub uniformity thiab "smoothness" ntawm hmoov txheej tom qab lub recoating ua hauj lwm.Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias qhov chaw du yog yooj yim dua luam tawm thiab tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas nrog GranuDrum cov cuab yeej nrog adhesion ntsuas ntsuas.
Vim tias qhov pores yog cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog hauv cov khoom, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau tawg.Packing dynamics yog qhov tseem ceeb thib ob vim tias cov khoom ntim ceev ceev muaj qhov porosity tsawg.Tus cwj pwm no tau raug ntsuas nrog GranuPack nrog tus nqi ntawm n1/2.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov hmoov tsim cohesive rog uas ua rau tsim cov agglomerates.GranuCharge ntsuas lub peev xwm ntawm cov hmoov los tsim cov nqi hluav taws xob thaum sib cuag nrog cov khoom xaiv thaum lub sijhawm ntws.
Thaum lub sij hawm ua, GranuCharge tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov kev poob qis, xws li txheej txheej hauv AM.Yog li, cov kev ntsuas tau txais yog rhiab heev rau lub xeev ntawm cov nplej nto (oxidation, paug thiab roughness).Kev laus ntawm cov hmoov zoo tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas kom raug (± 0.5 nC).
Lub GranuDrum yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub nruas rotating thiab yog ib tug programmed txoj kev los ntsuas cov flowability ntawm ib tug hmoov.Lub tog raj kheej kab rov tav nrog pob tshab sab phab ntsa muaj ib nrab ntawm cov qauv hmoov.Lub nruas rotates nyob ib ncig ntawm nws axis ntawm lub angular ceev ntawm 2 mus rau 60 rpm, thiab lub koob yees duab CCD coj cov duab (los ntawm 30 mus rau 100 dluab ntawm 1 thib ob intervals).Cov huab cua / hmoov sib cuam tshuam tau txheeb xyuas ntawm txhua daim duab uas siv cov txheej txheem ntsuas ntug.
Muab xam qhov nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub interface thiab cov oscillations nyob ib ncig ntawm no qhov nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm.Rau txhua qhov kev sib hloov ceev, lub kaum sab xis ntws (lossis "lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov rov ua haujlwm") αf yog xam los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov adhesion Performance index σf, uas yog hais txog kev sib txuas sib txuas, yog txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv.
Lub kaum sab xis yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau qhov tsis sib xws: kev sib txhuam ntawm cov khoom, cov duab thiab cohesion (van der Waals, electrostatic thiab capillary rog).Cov hmoov cohesive ua rau tsis sib xws, thaum cov hmoov tsis sib xyaw ua rau cov dej tsis tu ncua.Cov nqi me me ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse αf sib haum rau cov khoom ntws zoo.Lub dynamic adhesion Performance index ze rau xoom sib raug rau cov hmoov uas tsis yog-cohesive, yog li ntawd, raws li adhesion ntawm cov hmoov nce, qhov adhesion Performance index nce raws li.
GranuDrum tso cai rau koj los ntsuas lub kaum sab xis ntawm thawj avalanche thiab aeration ntawm cov hmoov thaum lub sij hawm ntws, nrog rau ntsuas qhov adhesion Performance index σf thiab lub kaum sab xis αf nyob ntawm qhov kev sib hloov ceev.
GranuPack bulk density, tapping density thiab Hausner ratio ntsuas (tseem hu ua "kov tests") yog nrov heev hauv cov hmoov nplej vim qhov yooj yim thiab ceev ntawm kev ntsuas.Qhov ntom ntawm cov hmoov thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom nws qhov ntom ntom yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los, agglomeration, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem pom zoo tau piav qhia hauv Pharmacopoeia.
Qhov kev sim yooj yim no muaj peb qhov teeb meem loj.Cov kev ntsuas yog tus neeg teb xov tooj nyob ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj thiab cov txheej txheem filling cuam tshuam rau thawj cov hmoov ntim.Kev ntsuas qhov pom ntawm qhov ntim tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev loj hauv cov txiaj ntsig.Vim qhov yooj yim ntawm qhov kev sim, peb tsis saib xyuas qhov kev sib txuam ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov pib thiab qhov kawg.
Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hmoov pub rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob tas mus li tau txheeb xyuas siv cov cuab yeej siv tshuab.Ntsuas ntsuas qhov Hausner coefficient Hr, thawj qhov ceev ρ(0) thiab qhov ceev kawg ρ(n) tom qab n clicks.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kais dej feem ntau yog kho ntawm n = 500.GranuPack yog ib qho kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas siab thiab qib siab tapping raws li kev tshawb fawb dynamic tshiab.
Lwm cov indexes tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis lawv tsis tau teev nyob ntawm no.Cov hmoov yog muab tso rau hauv cov raj hlau thiab dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev pib ua haujlwm tsis zoo.Lub extrapolation ntawm dynamic parameter n1/2 thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev ρ(∞) yog muab los ntawm lub compaction nkhaus.
Lub teeb hollow lub tog raj kheej zaum saum cov hmoov txaj kom cov hmoov / huab cua interface theem thaum lub sij hawm compaction.Lub raj uas muaj cov qauv hmoov nce mus rau qhov siab ruaj khov ∆Z thiab tom qab ntawd poob mus rau qhov siab, feem ntau tsau ntawm ∆Z = 1 hli lossis ∆Z = 3 hli, ntsuas tau tom qab txhua qhov cuam tshuam.Los ntawm qhov siab, koj tuaj yeem xam qhov ntim V ntawm pawg.
Qhov ntom yog qhov piv ntawm qhov loj m rau ntim V ntawm cov hmoov txheej.Cov hmoov loj m paub, qhov ceev ρ yog siv tom qab txhua qhov tso tawm.
Hausner coefficient Hr muaj feem xyuam rau tus nqi compaction thiab yog soj ntsuam los ntawm qhov sib npaug Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), qhov twg ρ(0) yog thawj zaug bulk ntom thiab ρ(500) yog xam kais ceev tom qab 500 taps.Cov txiaj ntsig tau rov ua dua tshiab nrog cov hmoov me me (feem ntau 35 ml) siv txoj kev GranuPack.
Cov khoom ntawm cov hmoov thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim yog cov tsis tseem ceeb.Thaum lub sij hawm khiav, cov nqi hluav taws xob electrostatic yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov hmoov, thiab cov nqi no yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv triboelectric, kev sib pauv ntawm cov nqi thaum ob qho khoom sib cuag.
Thaum cov hmoov ntws mus rau hauv lub cuab yeej, cov teebmeem triboelectric tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom thiab ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv.
Thaum sib cuag nrog cov khoom xaiv, GranuCharge cia li ntsuas tus nqi ntawm electrostatic nqi tsim nyob rau hauv cov hmoov thaum lub sij hawm ntws.Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hmoov ntws hauv lub vibrating V-tube thiab poob rau hauv lub khob Faraday txuas nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas ntsuas tus nqi cov hmoov tau txais thaum nws txav los ntawm V-tube.Rau cov txiaj ntsig rov ua dua tshiab, pub V-tube nquag nrog lub tshuab tig lossis vibrating.
Cov nyhuv triboelectric ua rau ib qho khoom tau txais electrons ntawm nws qhov chaw thiab yog li raug them tsis zoo, thaum lwm yam khoom poob electrons thiab yog li ntawd zoo them.Qee cov ntaub ntawv tau txais electrons yooj yim dua li lwm tus, thiab zoo ib yam, lwm cov ntaub ntawv poob electrons yooj yim dua.
Cov ntaub ntawv twg los ua qhov tsis zoo thiab qhov twg yuav zoo yog nyob ntawm tus txheeb ze nyiam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv koom nrog kom tau txais lossis poob electrons.Txhawm rau sawv cev rau cov qauv no, triboelectric series qhia hauv Table 1 tau tsim.Cov ntaub ntawv uas zoo li yuav raug nqi zoo thiab lwm yam uas zoo li yuav raug nqi tsis zoo raug teev tseg, thaum cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis qhia txog tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm tau teev nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub rooj.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub rooj no tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus qauv ntawm cov khoom siv coj tus cwj pwm, yog li GranuCharge tau tsim los muab cov txiaj ntsig raug rau kev coj tus cwj pwm hmoov.
Ntau qhov kev sim tau ua tiav los txheeb xyuas thermal decomposition.Cov qauv raug tso rau ntawm 200 ° C rau ib mus rau ob teev.Cov hmoov yog tam sim ntawd soj ntsuam nrog GranuDrum (thermal lub npe).Cov hmoov yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv kom txog thaum nws ncav cuag qhov kub thiab txias thiab tom qab ntawd tshuaj xyuas siv GranuDrum, GranuPack thiab GranuCharge (ie "txias").
Cov qauv nyoos tau txheeb xyuas siv GranuPack, GranuDrum thiab GranuCharge ntawm tib qhov av noo / chav tsev kub, piv txwv li tus txheeb ze av noo 35.0 ± 1.5% thiab kub 21.0 ± 1.0 ° C.
Lub cohesion Performance index xam cov flowability ntawm ib tug hmoov thiab correlates nrog kev hloov nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub interface (hmoov / huab cua), uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsuas yog peb kev sib cuag rog (van der Waals, capillary thiab electrostatic).Ua ntej kev sim, sau cov txheeb ze av noo (RH, %) thiab kub (° C).Tom qab ntawd ncuav cov hmoov rau hauv lub nruas ntim thiab pib qhov kev sim.
Peb xaus lus tias cov khoom no tsis rhiab rau caking thaum xav txog thixotropic tsis.Interestingly, thermal stress tau hloov tus cwj pwm rheological ntawm cov hmoov ntawm cov qauv A thiab B los ntawm shear thickening rau shear thinning.Ntawm qhov tod tes, Cov Qauv C thiab SS 316L tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov kub thiab pom tsuas yog shear thickening.Txhua cov hmoov tau pom tias muaj kev sib kis tau zoo dua (piv txwv li qis cohesion Performance index) tom qab cua sov thiab txias.
Cov nyhuv kub kuj nyob ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom.Qhov ntau dua qhov thermal conductivity ntawm cov khoom, qhov ntau dua qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (piv txwv li ???225°?=250?.?-1.?-1) thiab ?316?225°?=19?.?-1.?-1), qhov me me, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.Ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas kub siab yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau cov hmoov txhuas txhuas vim lawv qhov kev nthuav dav ntxiv, thiab cov qauv txias ua tiav txawm tias zoo dua flowability piv rau cov hmoov pristine.
Rau txhua qhov kev sim GranuPack, qhov hnyav ntawm cov hmoov tau sau tseg ua ntej txhua qhov kev sim, thiab cov qauv tau raug rau 500 qhov cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntau zaus ntawm 1 Hz nrog rau lub caij nplooj zeeg dawb ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm tes ntawm 1 hli (lub zog cuam tshuam ∝).Cov qauv raug xa mus rau hauv cov ntsuas ntsuas raws li cov lus qhia software ywj pheej ntawm tus neeg siv.Tom qab ntawd cov kev ntsuas tau rov ua dua ob zaug los ntsuam xyuas kev tsim tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas qhov nruab nrab thiab tus qauv sib txawv.
Tom qab kev soj ntsuam GranuPack tiav lawm, thawj qhov ntim ntim ceev (ρ(0)), qhov kawg ntim ntom ntom (ntawm ob peb clicks, n = 500, piv txwv li ρ(500)), Hausner ratio/Carr index (Hr/Cr), thiab ob lub kaw. Parameters (n1/2 thiab τ) ntsig txog compaction dynamics.Qhov pom kev ceev ρ(∞) kuj tau qhia (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 1).Cov lus hauv qab no reorganizes cov ntaub ntawv sim.
Daim duab 6 thiab 7 qhia tag nrho cov kev sib cog lus nkhaus (qhov ntom ntom piv rau tus naj npawb ntawm cov cuam tshuam) thiab qhov piv ntawm n1/2/Hausner parameter.Cov kab yuam kev suav nrog qhov nruab nrab yog qhia ntawm txhua qhov nkhaus, thiab cov qauv sib txawv tau suav los ntawm kev ntsuas rov ua dua.
316L stainless hlau khoom yog cov khoom hnyav tshaj plaws (ρ(0) = 4.554 g / mL).Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tapping ceev, SS 316L tseem yog cov hmoov hnyav tshaj plaws (ρ(n) = 5.044 g / mL), ua raws li Cov Qauv A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g / mL), ua raws li Qauv B (ρ (n) = 1.668 g/ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml).Qauv C yog qhov qis tshaj (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL).Raws li qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov hmoov pib, peb pom tias cov qauv A yog qhov sib sib zog nqus, thiab suav nrog qhov yuam kev (1.380 g / ml), cov qauv B thiab C muaj kwv yees li qub.
Thaum cov hmoov yog rhuab, nws cov Hausner piv txo qis, uas tshwm sim tsuas yog rau cov qauv B, C thiab SS 316L.Rau Cov Qauv A, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav vim qhov loj ntawm cov kab yuam kev.Rau n1/2, parameter tiam sis nyuaj dua los txheeb xyuas.Rau cov qauv A thiab SS 316L, tus nqi ntawm n1/2 poob tom qab 2 h ntawm 200 ° C, thaum rau hmoov B thiab C nws nce tom qab thermal loading.
Lub vibrating feeder tau siv rau txhua qhov kev sim GranuCharge (saib daim duab 8).Siv 316L stainless hlau yeeb nkab.Kev ntsuas tau rov ua dua 3 zaug los ntsuas kev rov tsim dua tshiab.Qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv rau txhua qhov kev ntsuas yog kwv yees li 40 ml thiab tsis muaj hmoov zoo tom qab ntsuas.
Ua ntej qhov kev sim, qhov hnyav ntawm cov hmoov (mp, g), txheeb ze huab cua humidity (RH, %), thiab kub (° C) raug kaw.Thaum pib qhov kev xeem, ntsuas tus nqi ntawm cov hmoov av thawj (q0 hauv µC / kg) los ntawm kev qhia cov hmoov rau hauv lub khob Faraday.Thaum kawg, sau qhov loj ntawm cov hmoov thiab xam qhov kawg nqi ceev (qf, µC / kg) thiab Δq (Δq = qf – q0) tom kawg ntawm qhov kev sim.
Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos GranuCharge tau pom nyob rau hauv Table 2 thiab Daim duab 9 (σ yog tus qauv sib txawv suav los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas kev rov tsim dua tshiab), thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm raws li histograms (tsuas yog q0 thiab Δq tau pom).SS 316L muaj tus nqi pib qis tshaj;qhov no yuav yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom no muaj PSD siab tshaj plaws.Hais txog tus nqi pib ntawm thawj aluminium alloy hmoov, tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem kos vim qhov loj ntawm qhov yuam kev.
Tom qab kev sib cuag nrog 316L stainless hlau yeeb nkab, qauv A tau txais qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi piv rau cov hmoov B thiab C, uas qhia txog qhov sib xws, thaum SS 316L hmoov yog rubbed nrog SS 316L, tus nqi ceev ze rau 0 yog pom (saib triboelectric series).Cov khoom B tseem raug them ntau dua li A. Rau cov qauv C, cov qauv txuas ntxiv (tus nqi pib zoo thiab tus nqi kawg tom qab xau), tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov nqi nce ntxiv tom qab thermal degradation.
Tom qab 2 teev ntawm thermal stress ntawm 200 ° C, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hmoov yuav zoo heev.Hauv cov qauv A thiab B, tus nqi pib txo qis thiab tus nqi kawg hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsis zoo mus rau qhov zoo.SS 316L hmoov muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws thawj zaug thiab nws cov nqi hloov pauv tau zoo tab sis tseem qis (piv txwv li 0.033 nC / g).
Peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm thermal degradation ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm txhuas alloy (AlSi10Mg) thiab 316L stainless hlau hmoov thaum soj ntsuam cov hmoov qub hauv huab cua tom qab 2 teev ntawm 200 ° C.
Kev siv cov hmoov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov nyhuv no zoo li tseem ceeb dua rau cov hmoov uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov khoom siv thermal conductivity.GranuDrum tau siv los ntsuas qhov ntws, GranuPack tau siv rau kev tsom xam dynamic filling, thiab GranuCharge tau siv los tshuaj xyuas triboelectricity ntawm cov hmoov hauv kev sib cuag nrog 316L stainless hlau tubing.
Cov txiaj ntsig no tau tsim los siv GranuPack, uas qhia txog kev txhim kho hauv Hausner coefficient rau txhua cov hmoov (nrog rau kev zam ntawm cov qauv A vim qhov yuam kev loj) tom qab cov txheej txheem thermal stress.Saib ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom (n1/2), tsis muaj qhov sib txawv meej vim tias qee cov khoom tau pom qhov nce ntawm kev ntim ceev thaum lwm tus muaj qhov sib txawv (xws li Samples B thiab C).
Post lub sij hawm: Jan-10-2023